初三英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)：垂直結(jié)構(gòu)

所謂垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)(The Dangling Construction)就是一個(gè)句子成分，如分詞短語(yǔ)，不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等，找不到被修飾的主語(yǔ)或被修飾的對(duì)象不合邏輯。垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)是種錯(cuò)誤的句法，應(yīng)該避免。

下面是三種常見(jiàn)的垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)及其改正方法：

⒈垂懸分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，如：

① Climbing up the hill, several boars were seen.

這句子里的現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)(present participial phrase)修飾主語(yǔ)“several boars”是錯(cuò)的;改正方法有二：

(a)確定是邏輯主語(yǔ)，使句子變成“Climbing up the hill, the explorers saw several boars.”

(b)把現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)擴(kuò)大為副詞分句(也稱狀語(yǔ)從句)：“When the explorers climbed up the hill, they saw several boars/ several boars were seen.”

⒉垂懸副詞短語(yǔ)，如：

② After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

這句的副詞短語(yǔ)(adverb phrase)和主語(yǔ)“the fish”有什么邏輯關(guān)系呢?真正的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是“the fisherman”或“the angler”才對(duì)。改正方法和例①同：

(a) After putting a shrimp on the hook, the fisherman found that the fish began to bite.

(b) After the fisherman had put a shrimp on the hook, the fish began to bite.

⒊垂懸不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，如：

③ To write well, a lot of practice is needed.

④ To be a loyal employee, a sense of belonging is a must.

這兩個(gè)句子的不定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)(infinitive phrases)并不能修飾“practice”和“a sense of belonging”，真正的主語(yǔ)必須是“ 人”，如：

(a) To write well, one needs a lot of practice/a person has to practise a lot.

(b) To be a loyal employee, he or she must have a sense of belonging.

上述三類垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)中，第一類發(fā)生的頻率最高，必須注意。但是在下列三種情況下，分詞短語(yǔ)是對(duì)的，它們并非垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)：

第一，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(The Absolute Construction，見(jiàn)3月7日《中英合談》)中的分詞短語(yǔ)有自己的主語(yǔ)，所以不是垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：

① Such being the case, we can go home now./……it is not wrong to call it a day.

第二，當(dāng)分詞含有介詞或連詞性質(zhì)時(shí)，它不需要邏輯主語(yǔ)，所以沒(méi)有垂懸問(wèn)題存在。例如：

② Owing to a lack of funds, the project has to be discontinued.

③ Provided that there is sufficient time, everyone can do the job better.

第三，當(dāng)分詞短語(yǔ)是用來(lái)表示說(shuō)話者的態(tài)度或意見(jiàn)時(shí)，也不需要邏輯主語(yǔ)，因此也不存在著垂懸問(wèn)題。例如：

④ Judging from his facial look, the news must have been terrible.

⑤ Taken as a whole, there is nothing wrong with the logic behind that idea.

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